"Why we need to close the empathy gap," argues Beverly Daniel Tatum

The problems of systemic racism can't be resolved, says Beverly Daniel Tatum, acclaimed clinical psychologist and race relations expert, until white people experience genuine empathy so we can build a more inclusive community

Martin Luther King, Jr. warned in his last book, Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?, that “a vigorous enforcement of civil rights will bring an end to segregated public facilities, but it cannot bring an end to fears, prejudice, pride and irrationality, which are the barriers to a truly integrated society.” He concluded that the problem of systemic racism will not be solved until white people experience genuine empathy for those who are the targets of that racism – until we close what I call the empathy gap.

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Empathy matters because it motivates action. Awareness of a problem by itself does not necessarily lead to action. While some people act against injustice out of strong moral conviction, most people take action because they - or someone they care about - is being impacted by the injustice. To mobilize more champions of social justice, the circle of care has to expand to include those who have been historically defined as “other.”

Will cross-racial empathy for Floyd foster real change? 

It is one’s sense of shared humanity that leads to empathy, yet when the other person has been dehumanized by societal stereotypes, empathy is unlikely. Take, for instance, the long history of stereotyping Black men as criminals contributing to the empathy gap, because “criminals” do not deserve empathy, they deserve punishment. Nor, it seems, do they deserve due process, as demonstrated by the repeated failure of the US justice system to hold police officers accountable for the deaths of unarmed Black people. Yet the viral video of George Floyd being callously suffocated by Derek Chauvin as he called out for his mother with his dying breath, moved so many to action because Floyd’s humanity in that moment was so undeniable and empathy with his suffering so unavoidable.

Many sighed in relief at the guilty verdicts handed down in the Chauvin trial that followed Floyd's murder, but unfortunately that trial outcome stands out as a rare one in US courts. Can the cross-racial empathy that the murder of Floyd evoked be sustained long enough to foster meaningful change? On that question, the jury is still out. How might such empathy be fostered and sustained in the face of persistent school and neighbourhood segregation, leaving few opportunities for meaningful cross-racial interaction? 

How to close the empathy gap 

There are three things we should do to close the empathy gap.

1) We must continue to expose the past and present manifestations of institutional racism. We cannot hide from the way that our collective history, as represented by the racially discriminatory policies and practices of the past, continues to shape the present.

2) We must create opportunities to tell our own stories Sharing our experiences in environments where there is a commitment to listen, is a prerequisite for the development of empathy that will lead to constructive action.

3) Then, we must take action together Whites and people of colour must be committed to social change.

Cross-racial dialogue focused on these three elements has proven to be a uniquely powerful tool to foster empathy that leads to action. Participants deepen their understanding of the problem of racism in their community and develop or reinforce the caring personal relationships that fuel the motivation required to take sustained action.

The work of racial dialogue is hard. There is always the risk that offensive statements will be made - by you or toward you. Powerful emotions can be triggered. Discomfort is guaranteed. Silencing the conversation, however, is just another way to maintain the status quo. You can’t solve a problem without talking about it. Learning how to have this dialogue is a necessary part of moving forward as a healthy society. It is of particular importance that white people who want to see social change learn how to have these conversations, not just with people of colour, but with their white peers as well.

The global response to the murder of George Floyd suggests that we are at an important historical moment that transcends national boundaries. The problem of racism and socially-constructed racial hierarchies is a virus with global impact. Either we can allow polarizing forces to drive us further apart or we can use our leadership as active members of our communities to stop the spread and engage one another in the work of dismantling racism by building alliances across lines of difference.

As Martin Luther King, Jr said, racial understanding is not something that we find but something that we must create. 

Are we creating it? We could be. If we don’t want chaos, we must choose community, we must choose to listen, even to the stories that are hard to hear, and close the empathy gap, working for lasting change for the benefit of all. 

* Beverly Daniel Tatum's Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?: And Other Conversations About Race (Penguin) is available now